时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   在翻译全过程中,译者不仅要处理好难点问题,还应注意处理好英汉两种语言转换时的一些突出疑点问题。它们既包括描述角度的问题,又涉及到组词成句的特征。具体说来,这些疑点问题有动与静、概略化与具体化、有灵动词与无灵动词以及形合法与意合法。


  一、动与静
  英汉两种语言在表述某一动作概念时均有一个共同的特点:即既可选择静态的表述方式,也可选择动态的表述方式。前者在英语中多以"(be) 名词/形容词/副词/介词短语"句式为主,在汉语中多以"是 名词/形容词"句式为主;后者则是指"动作动词/动态动词 其他句子成分"这类句式,在英汉两种语言中均十分常见。英语由于其词法和句法体系有别于汉语(如英语中名词、介词占优势),所以在选择表述动作意义的方式时常常是静态表述方式多于动态表述方式。这种"以静表动"的方式使英语行文显得更为精练和多样化。而汉语却因有多用动词的固有习惯(汉语中常常出现大量兼动式和连动式的说法) ,所以重动能描写,在选择表述动作意义的方式时常常是动态表述方式多于静态表述方式。这一差别在翻译时必须妥善处理,而常用的方式有两种:一是化静为动,二是化动为静。
  (一)化静为动
  化静为动是指把原文的静态句式转换为动态句式,强化原文的动态色彩,使译文符合汉语的行文习惯,明白流畅。英语中的静态表述方式有无动词句,例如:
  (1) Now for the discussion. 现在进行讨论
  (2) This way, please!请走这边!
  (3) So far so good. 到目前为止进展不错。
  "be 动词的同源名词"句式:
  (1) She is a good teacher.
  她教书教得好。
  (2) He is a lover of pop music.
  他喜欢流行音乐。
  (3) He is the murderer of his boss.
  他谋杀了老板。
  (4) He has been the ruler of the region for as long as twenty years.
  他统治那个地区长达20年之久。
  (5) Mary is a good learner .
  玛莉善于学习。
  (6) He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him.
  他能倾听别人的意见, 因此他们喜欢同他谈心。
  (7) Peter is a bad sailor.
  彼得晕船。
  (8) Cardiovascular disease is American number one killer 1.
  在美国, 死于心血管疾病的人高居榜首。
  (9) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点胡思乱想。
  "be 非动词同源名词"句式:
  (1) My party was a quite affair.
  我的欢送会开得很平静。
  (2) There was no loud sound. Nothing asserted its size in a brutal 2 tumult 3 of wind and thunder.
  四周听不见什么闹声。没有任何东西以风啸雷鸣般的喧嚣显示其威力。
  (3) Excessive headline phrase condemnation 4 is, of course, a possibility.
  当然,指责过分使用标题式短语是可能的。
  (4) It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.
  要不是我能干重活,早就给辞退了。
  (5) They were all eyes as the presents were opened.
  礼品打开时,他们全神贯注地看着。
  "be 动词的同源形容词"句式:
  (1) This program was not popular with all of the troops.
  并不是所有军队的人都喜欢这个计划。
  (2) He is content with such kind of life.
  他满足于这样的生活。
  (3) John is quite familiar with the machine.
  约翰十分熟悉这台机器的性能。
  (4) An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese revolution.
  了解一下中国近代史,对研究中国革命是有帮助的。

n.杀人者,杀人犯,杀手,屠杀者
  • Heart attacks have become Britain's No.1 killer disease.心脏病已成为英国的头号致命疾病。
  • The bulk of the evidence points to him as her killer.大量证据证明是他杀死她的。
adj.残忍的,野蛮的,不讲理的
  • She has to face the brutal reality.她不得不去面对冷酷的现实。
  • They're brutal people behind their civilised veneer.他们表面上温文有礼,骨子里却是野蛮残忍。
n.喧哗;激动,混乱;吵闹
  • The tumult in the streets awakened everyone in the house.街上的喧哗吵醒了屋子里的每一个人。
  • His voice disappeared under growing tumult.他的声音消失在越来越响的喧哗声中。
n.谴责; 定罪
  • There was widespread condemnation of the invasion. 那次侵略遭到了人们普遍的谴责。
  • The jury's condemnation was a shock to the suspect. 陪审团宣告有罪使嫌疑犯大为震惊。
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